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Intersex, in humans and other animals, is a variation in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, or genitals that do not fit typical definitions of male or female. It may involve genital ambiguity or other combinations of chromosomal genotype and sexual phenotype other than XY-male and XX-female. Intersex infants and children, such as those with ambiguous outer genitalia, may be surgically and/or hormonally altered to fit perceived more socially acceptable sex characteristics. However, this is considered controversial, with no firm evidence of good outcomes.〔(Submission 88 to the Australian Senate inquiry on the involuntary or coerced sterilisation of people with disabilities in Australia ), Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group (APEG), 27 June 2013〕 Such treatments may involve sterilization. Adults, including elite female athletes, have also been subjects of such treatment. Increasingly these issues are recognized as human rights abuses, with statements from UN agencies,〔〔 the Australian parliament,〔 and ethics institutions. Intersex organizations have also issued joint statements over several years as part of an International Intersex Forum. In April 2015, Malta became the first country to outlaw non-consensual medical interventions to modify sex anatomy, including that of intersex people. ==Intersex and human rights== Research indicates a growing consensus that diverse intersex bodies are normal—if relatively rare—forms of human biology, and human rights institutions are placing increasing scrutiny on medical practices and issues of discrimination against intersex people. A 2013 first international pilot study. Human Rights between the Sexes, by Dr. Dan Christian Ghattas,〔(Human Rights Between the Sexes ), Dan Christian Ghattas and Heinrich Böll Foundation, September 2013.〕〔(A preliminary study on the life situations of inter * individuals ), OII Europe, 4 November 2013.〕 found that intersex people are discriminated against worldwide: The Council of Europe highlights several areas of concern: * unnecessary "normalising" treatment of intersex persons, and unnecessary pathologisation of variations in sex characteristics; this is said to also impact a right to life. * inclusion in equal treatment and hate crime law; facilitating access to justice and reparations. * access to information, medical records, peer and other counselling and support. * respecting self-determination in gender recognition, through expeditious access to official documents. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Intersex human rights」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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